Integrated Marketing Communication

Incorporated Marketing Communication Conceptual The right now coordinated promoting correspondence ideas have been growing extra time. They have moved from the authentic showcasing approaches that concentrated on the 4Ps to the current intelligent commercial center IMC.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Integrated Marketing Communication explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The contention is that advertising itself and promoting correspondence ideas are creating. The advancement of the coordinated advertising correspondence is represented through auxiliary and hypothetical points of view of three commercial centers which are introduced by area and data innovation control. The declaration is that as data innovation changes starting with one commercial center then onto the next, authoritative changes in the requirement for correspondence additionally create. Also, an outfitted depiction of incorporated promoting correspondence idea is given. In light of this portrayal, a four-phase adju stment of IMC movement has been foreseen as organizations move starting with one time of IMC then onto the next dependent on their abilities in catching and overseeing data innovation. Presentation Over the most recent two decades, promoting and advertising correspondence have been working uniquely in contrast to the past periods. Truth be told, promoting and showcasing correspondence are under urgent investigation particularly with the coming of data correspondence innovation (Cornelissen Lock, 2000).Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing and showcasing correspondence rise not just under the examination of the association meeting rooms yet in addition addressed far and wide. This situation is very exceptional, given the current data age. From this difference, it tends to be found that advertising and promoting correspondence are experiencing a change. The se advancements give a phase wherein new ways to deal with showcasing, correspondence and promoting correspondence could be improved and executed. Different explores as of late done demonstrate that the combination of showcasing specialized devices offer the best answer for the current issues being confronted. Mix is the consolidation of a wide scope of exercises and capacities that have impact and effect on the dynamic progression of data between the firm and the partners (Belch, 2006). The partners for this situation involve the clients, representatives, investors, prospects just as other essential crowds. As it were, concentrating on free trains, for example, the advertising, publicizing and deals advancement no longer remains constant. It is additionally unseemly to confine the obligations of advertising correspondence to a solitary outbound channel of correspondence. These are old ideas that have been seen as incapable to fit and satisfy the requirements of the current associat ion, clients or prospects.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Integrated Marketing Communication explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These ideas not, at this point fit the current firms since they were produced for those associations that no longer drive organizations and for the commercial center that don't exist just as for media associations whose dominances are a distant memory (Belch, 2006). In this way, there is requirement for a coordinated type of showcasing correspondence that consolidates all the controls of promoting, and that can fit the current situation close by addressing the need of the current market. This paper will talk about this type of incorporated advertising correspondence as it shows up in the twenty-first century, placing accentuation on its application over the most recent twenty years. The paper will talk about how associations have been applying the incorporated advertising correspondence giving definite applications, giving instances of those associations which have fizzled and those that have prevailing as they continued looking for coordinated showcasing correspondence. The conversations will be according to the methodologies of IMC applied in the current worldwide commercial center. Changes of promoting correspondence It has been discovered that ways to deal with IMC have experienced insignificant changes. Be that as it may, the commercial center where most associations work have changed generously (Fill, 1999). The dynamic changes have been driven by the use of data innovation. The conventional commercial center was overwhelmed by the mass market where the broad communications driven associations were committed to item differentiation.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More These associations utilized the data innovation in territories including mass dispersion frameworks, purchaser examination and broad communications to catch the biggest portion of the market (Cornelissen Lock, 2000). They additionally applied such procedures, including item separation and brand advancement so as to command the market. Early commercial centers were commanded by first section associations. By temperance of being the first in the commercial center, these associations caught the bigger piece of the overall industry, commanded the media and appropriation channels just as shopper utilizing recognized administrations or items which couldn't without much of a stretch be reproduced (Hutton, 1996). With the improvement of innovation, commercial center started to change as items multiplied, though not many credits to recognize them from their rivals (Hutton, 1996). Also, the media turned out to be increasingly specific and divided. There was gigantic solidification inside chann el portions. The acquisitions and coordination of business have been happening at a higher recurrence as more grounded associations keep on securing more vulnerable contenders and grow the establishment into new locales and markets (Kitchen De Pelsmacker, 2004). Accordingly, organizations that were generally confined have extended to global levels giving purchasers huge impact on dealing with the producers (Fill, 1999). As the associations experience these changes, data innovation likewise moved its concentration to the dissemination channels from the advertisers or producers. The PCs, Universal Product Code named UPC, attractive strip bank, scanners and charge cards made it modest, simple and quick to catch information on purchasers (Pickton Broderick, 2005). For example, who the purchasers are, the place they purchase and what are their inclinations. The move in IT adjusted the force in the commercial center with the circulation channels being preferred over the advertisers and th e makers (Schultz, 1998). The explanation is that the conveyance channels have more data than the business sectors or the makes. Today, the customer item classes are commanded by retail that has cozy relationship with the shopper. With this acknowledgment, the enormous association has changed their showcasing procedure utilizing profoundly refined retail dispersion channels. Changes in the commercial center because of data innovation decides the manner in which enormous associations will spend their advertising assets through valuing and area to influence and hold the clients (Schultz, 1998). At present, the commercial center is commanded by the retail and dispersion frameworks that control the immediate access to buyers and end-clients. Be that as it may, another model is rising where the buyers are ruling. The explanation is that the customers have become its controller. Frameworks, for example, the tall free numbers, worldwide charge cards, short-term conveyance administrations h ave just been created and in the possession of the purchaser (Schultz, 1998). With these innovation shoppers can recognize the items, effectively get to data and make buys whenever and in wherever they find advantageous. The current commercial center is intelligent, quick and simple, driven by web and World Wide Web and it is more helpful than any time in recent memory (Shimp, 2008). This type of market is realized by IT, which as a result drives the electronic business. At the end of the day, IT has changed business as usual where the commercial center is driven by the requirements of the shoppers, when they need the item and the condition wherein they need their items. Furthermore, the purchasers have an immediate linkage with the makers; settle on a choice on significant issues, the item esteems and the kind of relationships are required (Schultz, 1998). The requirement for new ways to deal with advertising correspondence It is heartbreaking that the current promoting and showcas ing correspondence advances and hypotheses are proposed for the traditional commercial center. The sign is that new changes that are occurring in the current commercial center have not been tried or new models have not been produced for the current commercial center practices. The commercial center is right now moving towards the buyer from the advertiser/maker control (Pickton Broderick, 2005). It is because of IT that these progressions are occurring. Its change is the main thrust for these progressions and simultaneously, empowers correspondence arrangements. As talked about, IT was once in the past utilized by the showcasing/producing associations in order to have the market power, it at that point utilized by the conveyance channels and in the end surpassed to the shopper (Schultz, 1998). Every one of these commercial centers has explicit requirements of advertising and promoting specialized apparatuses. In addition, each commercial center has a principal need to assemble the c orrespondences. Be that as it may, these coordination correspondence need turns out to be progressively perplexing as commercial center changes (Schultz, 1998). As was referenced previously, promoting and advertising interchanges must change to be as per the necessities of the current commercial center (

The dynasty of china Essays - Asia, Dynasties In Chinese History

The administration of china China was isolated for significant stretches of its history, with various districts being governed by various gatherings. Truth be told there was not a solitary tradition administering a whole China. The Chinese had numerous traditions. The greater part of them didn't live exceptionally long, yet there were a not many that did live a very prolonged stretch of time. To name not many of them are the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty were the most grounded and generally incredible when contrasted with the rest. Counting likewise are the Yuan savage line which too carried a change to China. China in everything is one of the nations that can gloat about an antiquated human progress since it has a long and puzzling history. Like most other incredible civic establishments all through the world, China can follow its way of life back to blend of little unique clans which have extended in turning into the extraordinary nation it is today. Every single line is controlled by a head and even as amazing figuratively speaking; the ascent and fall of the incredible administrations appeared to structures a consistent line that goes through China history. What's more, this ascent and fall has been happening since the start of these lines. The Han line The Han line was in power from 206 B.C to 220 A.D. The Han line was set up after the fall of the Qin line. The timespan in which the Han administration was in power is accepted to be the height of the Chinese culture. The Han tradition is partitioned into double cross periods. These two segments are separated by a sovereign named Wang Mang. The main time frame is alluded to as the Western Han, and the second is alluded to as the Eastern Han. The capital of the previous Han tradition was situated in Changan in the west, and the last Han line was focused in Luoyang. Many dissident gatherings consolidated to over through the severe Qin line. Following the breakdown of the Qin line was many years of consistent common war. During this war, the agitator bunches battled for the magnificent title. At long last two similarly solid gatherings rose and was lead by Xiang Yu, the tapped of an officially distinguished family from Chu; and the other Liu Bang, who had a laborer foundation and had be en a minor town official, yet the battle, was not between various social classes, on the grounds that the two men had supporters from different foundations. (Earthy colored and Schirokaver). Liu Bang at last crushed Xiang Yu in 202 B.C. Legitimately after which Xiang Yu ended it all. Liu Bang, who had taken the title of King of Han, broadcasted himself as the principal Emperor of the Han line. The early long periods of the Han tradition were portrayed as force battles among the rulers old companions. A few of his commanders had been given enormous land to lead or oversee as vassal conditions of the Han court yet they couldn't overlook the allurement of the seat. After the original the interior questions were chiefly equipped around who among the kids would be the following replacement of the majestic house. It was not until Emperor Jin decide that appear that the Han Court was solidly secure. Outwardly, the Han confronted genuine resistance from a rising traveling domain, the Xiongun. The Xiongun had headed a gathering of different ethnic gatherings along the Eurasian limit even before the Qin line was established. Before the finish of the third century, the Xionguns had become a solid realm that extended from Central Asia. Han China, which had quite recently risen up out of the fall of the harsh Qin tradition and their times of common war, came up short on the assets impo rtant to safeguard China from an assault made by the Xiongun, whose rangers outperformed the Chinese infantry. Still in the primary century of the Han rule, Han China was defenseless both inside and remotely. (Earthy colored and Schirokaver). Tang Dynasty The Tang administration was in power for a long time beginning from 618 A.D to 907 A.D. Inside just a couple of ages, the Tang tradition surpassed even the Han line in material glory and worldwide force. The Tang tradition succeeded an incredible yet brief system that had achieved the first reunification: the Sui (Brown and Schirokaver). The

Villa Lobos Essays - Heitor Villa-Lobos, Chros No. 11, Prelude No. 1

Estate Lobos Heitor Villa-Lobos Heitor Villa-Lobos was conceived on March fifth, 1887, in Rio de Janeiro. Estate Lobos needed a lot of formal training, and discovered he needed to get by for himself. He continued to perform on guitar in neighborhood cafés and theater ensembles. The music he performed comprised of the famous music of the time in Brazil. This factor would assume a significant job in his creations. His initially distributed work was in 1908, titled Salon Waltz. This was followed a year later by Canticos Sertenejos. The two sytheses depended on Brazilian society melodies and well known music. In 1912, Villa Lobos went on an endeavor of East Brazil. There he considered Indian music, yet he additionally took in their way of life, including their ceremonies, fantasies, and moves. From this campaign he wandered all of Brazil retaining every single diverse thought, and societies. His style of creation is a gathering of his encounters and Brazilian local hints of these meandering years. In 1919 the renowned professional piano player Artur Rubinstein got keen on Villa-Lobos' work. Rubinstein organized him to get an administration sponsorship. With this Villa-Lobos moved to Paris and lived there for a long time, consequently adding considerably more to his index of societies. In spite of the fact that he is notable for his instrumental works, maybe no other author has had the effect on traditional guitar that Villa-Lobos had. The Brazilian culture flourishes with solid cadenced structures, and nostalgic songs. Manor Lobos moved these attributes into probably the most delightful, and powerful independent guitar music at any point composed. Manor Lobos formed 5 Preludes (Cinque Preludes) for solo guitar. These are the absolute most testing short pieces composed for guitar in the twentieth century. He likewise composed 17 Choros, choros is the term for Brazilian popular music of the time. The instrumentation on these pieces extend from solo guitar, to symphonic, to solo piano. Music

Online Writing Paper - Mistakes That Have to Be Removed

Online Writing Paper - Mistakes That Have to Be RemovedWriting an online writing paper is not as easy as it looks. There are so many pitfalls and mistakes to avoid while writing, if you have no idea how. You can correct these mistakes and get better at writing articles. This is because mistakes are easily spotted by others.Mistakes come in different forms, but one of the most common is the use of the term for a sentence in an article that is not necessary. I will be using the exact same example as that of a person who says; 'He was asleep in bed when his mom and dad were out of town'. You know that this is wrong since he does not use his name. But I am going to go ahead and call him Bruce because that is all I had to work with.I was reading an article online from an author and he said; 'Somewhere in offline writing, we forgot to put this in...'. This is one of the biggest mistakes that could possibly happen in an online writing paper. It is absolutely essential that you should includ e all the necessary information and have a proper format. The information that needs to be included is usually highlighted in bold and should contain the title of the paragraph or essay.There are also mistakes that could cause such error, if you do not put your full name in the author bio, but you write it as 'This is written and/or edited by...'. In this case, there is no name to put in the author bio. Please, also do not include keywords when you write articles. Remember that keywords are just keywords and will not give any value to your work.Online writing paper is not all about writing essays. It is also important to be informative. But if you do not have anything to write about, then why include the information? Just write it down. There are several free online article writing tools which can help you in writing more effective information.Finally, remember that when you are done writing the online article, do not forget to cite the source. In fact, the citation is a must in any article and writing. It is only fair to those who read your article.Before starting an online writing, you should go through the list of mistakes that I have mentioned above and make a note of them. Try to avoid making any more and you will surely be on the way to become a professional writer.

Behavior Modification Essay example - 839 Words

Behavior Modification Behavior Modification, a psychological theory of human behavior. It evolved from the application of experimentally derived principles of learning to the modification of problem behaviors. The theory is based on a psychological model of human behavior that rejects the psychoanalytic or quasi-disease model of mental illness. Approaches to behavior modification assume that abnormal behavior is acquired and maintained in the same manner as normal behavior and can be changed directly through the application of social-learning principles. Assessment procedures focus on describing how an individual behaves, thinks, and feels in specific situations. Treatment methods are derived from the theories and findings of†¦show more content†¦This procedure, used to alleviate anxiety in adult patients, became one of the best-known and most widely used behavior-modification techniques. Another key development in the evolution of behavior modification was the work of Hans Eysenck and his colleagues in England in the 1950s. Eysenck defined behavior modification as the application of modern learning theory to the treatment of behavioral and emotional problems. He held that, in contrast to traditional psychoanalytic procedures, the efficacy of behavior-modification procedures could be verified through experiments. The third major development in the evolution of behavior modification was the publication in 1953 of B. F. Skinners Science and Human Behavior. This work heralded a philosophical shift from the search for inner causes of behavior to an emphasis on the measurement and modification of observable behavior. A fundamental tenet of Skinners radical behaviorism is that the probability of a behavior is related directly to the nature of the environmental consequences that follow performance of that behavior. From this basic tenet he derived a set of procedures for modifying behavior by a method called operant conditioning. Specifically, behavior is strengthened, or increased in frequency, when followed by either a positive consequence (positive reinforcement) or removal of a negative consequence (negative reinforcement). Behavior is weakened, or decreasedShow MoreRelatedBehavior Modification Is The Field Of Psychology1555 Words   |  7 PagesBehavior modification is the field of psychology that deals with analyzing and modifying behavior, it does this by identifying the relationships between environmental variables and the behavior of interest to determine why the behavior is used; the analyst then uses that information to develop a strategy of change by developing and implementing procedu res that alter environmental events to influence behavior (Miltenberger, 2015). There are a wide variety of applications of Applied Behavior AnalysisRead MoreBehavior Modification and it Application to a Variety of Behaviors Within in an Educational Setting1117 Words   |  5 PagesBehavior Modification and it Application to a Variety of Behaviors Within in an Educational Setting Abstract Behavior modification is based on the concepts of observable antecedents, observable behavior, and consequences. A behavior modification program consists of a series of stages to achieve a desired modification of a target behavior. A token economy based behavior modification program that was applied for a full academic year in an entire elementary school,Read MoreThe Approach Of Behavior Modification Within Classrooms924 Words   |  4 Pages Behavior modification can be defined as a technique which focuses on punishment for behaviors that are undesirable and rewards for behaviors that are desirable (Langa, 2014). The approach of behavior modification is based off of the methodologies and findings of a famous psychologist who researched the area of behaviorism, B.F. Skinner. Skinner, also known as the â€Å"Father of Behaviorism,† developed the theory of operant conditioning (Langa, 2014). In his research, Skinner used reinforcements andRead MoreBehavior Modification Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesBehavior modification is happening more frequently than not in today’s society. It enforces and recognizes good behavior in many different circumstances, whether it is used on prison inmates which good behavior is rewarded with incentives, giving your animal a treat for doing a trick or if it is a golden star for a child’s good work done. The famous works of B.F Skinner is heavily involved with behavior modification and the idea that you can condition a human being to have favorable behavioral traitsRead MoreBehavior Modification Therapy For Children855 Words   |  4 Pagesfor inappropriate behaviors. The key in this therapy is to reward the child for good behavior, and it has been proven to have good, long term results. Along with behavior modification therapy there are a few other therapy options that are used to manage and treat ADHD symptoms; Cognitive therapy is one of those options, this therapy aims to help the child learn to better manage certain life skills such as problem solving and self-control. Anger management is also a treatment option that is usedRead MoreThe Behavior Modification Helps A Child With Separation Anxiety Behaviors And A Company Owner1104 Words   |  5 Pagesskills, cognitive skills, self-help, play and motor skills, and behavioral needs. ABA in the workplace can be used to increase desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors through use of positive and negative reinforcements. In the Case of Emily and that of Mr. Smith I will attempt to go over how Behavior modification can help a child with Separation anxiety behaviors and a company owner having difficulties with their employee’s not showing up to work. Case 1 Emily Reason for Referral: Emily wasRead MoreMethods For Modifying Behavior And Behavior Modification935 Words   |  4 PagesMethods for Modifying Behavior in Children Behavior modification is a treatment technique used to tackle countless problems within children. When children are born discipline and growth comes from the parents. We teach right from wrong. Therefore, we are where the root of the behavior starts. Children must be correctly disciplined by the age of six because if not that child would most likely be a criminal. A child behavior rises from what they learn and their surroundings, so what we teach our childrenRead MoreBehavior Modification And Operant Conditioning869 Words   |  4 Pagescomplete a successful change in behavior is known as behavior modification. The whole definition of the term as discovered by psychologist B.F Skinner forâ€Å" the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning(McLeod).† The name which went on to be distinguishable from the term classical conditioning which is commonly referenced to the study of Pavlov ’s dog. Behavior modification/operant condition is drasticallyRead MoreProfessional Application Of The Behavior Modification Model1303 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication of the behavior modification model. The theoretical basis for this model is behavioral theory. This model emphasizes the client system, but will shift focus to the mezzo system when needed. The process of behavior modification is outlined in detail in this paper. To end the paper, there will be articles that support this model and prove its effectiveness with individuals. Keywords: behavioral theory, behavior modification, individuals Behavior Modification Theoretical ExplanationRead MoreBehavior Modification And Its Effect On Behavior Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviors, are what people do and say, as humans, we notice how certain behaviors can be desirable but also undesirable. Though behavior modification, a person can attempt to alter a specific behavior by analyzing the behavior, and create a personalized plan to modify the behavior. When analyzing the behavior a person needs to decide if the behavior is either is in excess (to decrease the undesirable behavior) or deficit (to increase desirable behavior). Once behavior is the selected, then the person

The Change Of Hemoglobin Changes Essay - 1210 Words

Homework #9 Chapter 11: 1. The change in hemoglobin changes as the change in the oxygen in the environment occurs. Each globin usually has two polypeptide chains encoded by genes that attract oxygen molecules to different degrees. 2. The pancreas which has two types of cell clusters. A transcription factor is activated and change the expression of a gene in a way that stimulates some progenitor cells to divide. 3. Proteomics is an area where gene expression emerges. It identifies and analyzes all the proteins that made in a cell, organ, or body. 4. The histone protein plays major role in interacting with other chemical groups which expose DNA and shield some sections. 5. Acetyl plays role can start the transcription. Methyl groups binds to a specific amino acid in a specific histone type. When the CH3 are added methylation spreads from the tail of one histone to the adjacent histone. The addition of phosphate is example of epigenetic changes. The addition of these three groups should be balanced. 6. MicroRNA’s can affect the gene expression by preventing their translation onto protein. This blocking function lead to enabling the cells to adapt to change condition. 7. Because the genes in pieces of exons and introns and alternate splicing make it possible for one store of information. 8. By using different information in a gene, the proteins can be resulted. These information is called isoforms where the driving force behind which version of a protein a cell makes isShow MoreRelated Discovering Sicke Cell Anemia Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagesa protein called hemoglobin which transports oxygen from your lungs to every part of your body. Hemoglobins oxygen carrying ability is essential for living but if there is a structural defect on the pigmented molecule, it can be fatal. When a normal red blood cell distributes its oxygen, it has a disc shape. But when an affected red blood cell containing sickle cell hemoglobin releases its oxygen, the image of the cell changes from a disc shape to a sickled shape. In hemoglobin, there are four chainsRead More Sickle Cell Anemia Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesis carried in red blood cells by a substance called hemoglobin(Hemoglobin – is the main substance of the red blood cell. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen from the air in our lungs to all parts of the body). Normal red blood cells contain hemoglobin A. Hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C are abnormal types of hemoglobin.Oxygen is carried in red blood cells by a substance called hemoglobin.The main hemoglobin in normal red blood cells is hemoglobin A. Normal red blood cells are soft and round and canRead MoreFunction and Structure of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Essay822 Words   |  4 Pagesnoncovalently bound to myoglobin and is essential for the biological activity of the protein. A three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin is determined by X-ray crystallography showed hemoglobin is made up of four polypeptide chains, each of those chains has a very similar three-dimensional structure to the single polypeptide chain in myoglobin. The major type of hemoglobin found in adults (HbA) is made up of two different polypeptide chains: the alpha-chain that consists of 141 amino acids residuesRead MoreThe Alpha Chains1584 Words   |  7 Pagestransported to the red blood cells. This means that oxygen is not being transported to the hemoglobin protein. The hemoglobin protein has to be released from the red blood cells and be released into the plasma by enzymes that contain heme. After the enzyme release the protein, the red blood is destroyed and hemoglobin can release oxygen into the bloodstream. With Alpha Thalassemia, the low functioning numbers of hemoglobin are not enough to provide stable oxygen levels. If the levels are too low anemia isRead MoreThe Probability of Inheriting a Disease Is Not Random1816 Words   |  7 Pagesinherited and it affects the anatomy of the red blood cells, resulting in a sickle shape which then affects the functions of red blood cells causing a blood disorder. Sickle Cell is a recessive disease and persons affected have both copies of the hemoglobin S gene. This genetic defect causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped (cresent shape). The abnormal shape severely impede the ability of red blood cells to pass through small blood vessels. This impediment caused by the sickle-shaped red bloodRead MoreThe Theory Of The Equilibrium System1086 Words   |  5 Pagesthat were studied in this experiment were changes in the temperature of the system and changes in concentrations of reactants or products. Le Chatelier s Principle states that when an equilibrium system is subject to a stress, the system responds by attaining a new equilibrium condition that minimizes the imposed stress. The main stresses on an equil ibrium system are changes in concentration of the reactants or products, changes in temperature, and changes in pressure or volume for gaseous equilibriaRead MoreEssay on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning1062 Words   |  5 Pagescalled hemoglobin. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules. Hemoglobin is the main transported of oxygen, carrying around 98% of the oxygen in the blood, with the remainder 2% carried in the dissolved state (Porth 2011). If all four subunits of a hemoglobin molecule are filled, it is said be to fully saturated. The ratio of the amount of oxygen molecules bound to hemoglobin to the oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin is expressed as a percentage value. A hemoglobin moleculeRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia Essay593 Words   |  3 Pagesproduction of normal hemoglobin, which is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues. The defective gene results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin known as hemoglobin S. If you have the disorder, you inherited one gene for hemoglobin S from each of your parents. The gene is recessive, so if you received a copy of the gene from just one parent, you are a carrier of the sickle cell gene. Under certain conditions, after hemoglobin S releases itsRead MoreThalassemia1449 Words   |  6 PagesBeta Thalassemia Beta thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by the abnormal production of a blood protein called hemoglobin. This condition is caused by a mutation within the gene that is responsible for the healthy production of hemoglobin. In healthy people, hemoglobin carries oxygen to tissues and cells throughout the body. Patients with beta thalassemia do not have adequate levels of oxygen within the blood, which can cause anemia. There are two main types of beta thalassemia

Competitive Strategy Digital Business Strategy

Question: Describe about the Competitive Strategy for Digital Business Strategy. Answer: Paragraph 1 (YouTube and Textbook) There are vast differences in between setting objectives or goals for an organisation and making strategies for achieving it. However, many organisations and the higher management become confused in between objectives and strategies. A strategy can be made only after deciding the goals, objectives, tactics and descriptions. An effective strategy should portray the ideas and before knowing about the meaning of strategy, one should have a clear understanding of what is not strategy (Youtube.com 2016). The word strategy is derived from the Greek Word Strategos", which means the art of the general. Suntzu has defined even strategy as the art of war, a Chinese author that suggests winning is good and loosing is dreadful. A strategy should be made after knowing the hidden weakness of competitor in the market in order to achieve the targeted goal set by an organisation. As the modern day business can be considered not less than war, therefore, the business executives should develop some cri tical tactics to become successful. An effective business strategy provides transparent answers to the four major questions such as the area of market, unique value of product or services, utilisation of capabilities and resources and sustainability of the unique value. For instance, IKEA sells Scandinavian furniture for home decor. The major strategy of this company is to offer inexpensive furniture in excellent designs to the main cities. The company designs every product in a manner to reduce shipping costs. The complex interdependence is the key strategy followed by IKEA, which is difficult to imitate by the competitor companies. Paragraph 2 (general article theory) Coca-Cola Amatil enjoys the dominant position in the commercial beverage industry of Australia. An appropriate strategy can help the management to take suitable decisions accordingly the operations of other competitor companies such as PepsiCo, Nestle Waters France and Dr Pepper Snapple Group (Hitt et al. 2012). Although Coca Cola Amatil is famous for carbonated soft drinks, still, with adequate innovation, the management has launched various flavoured drinks and energy drinks in order to attract the new edge health conscious customers. The adopted strategies by Coca-Cola Amatil not only help the company to compete with the unique product of the competitor companies, however, to combat the issues regarding production costs. The competitive strategies also contribute to know the present happenings in the beverage market of Australia. The higher management of Coca-Cola Amatil involves marketing managers, who make a thorough survey about the preference and contemporary trend in the non- alcoholic beverage industry. Wieland and Marcus (2012) have mentioned that market survey suggests possible risks about a particular industry and an organisation should make strategies to mitigate these risks. Coca-Cola Amatil improves the process of premium pricing strategies in order to offer less expensive products to the customers. As the major number of consumers prefers low-sugar or zero sugar beverages in Australia, therefore, the management of Coca-Cola Amatil produces Diet Coke, refreshing coconut water (ZICO), frozen drinks, lemonade juices and iced tea. Even with the proper implementation of competitive strategies, Coca-Cola Amatil introduces new user-friendly pack as a snack range. A best competitive strategy involves the profit to customers, shareholders and the organisation itself as it has enough capability to strengthen the core percentages of sale revenue earned from the market. The most important competitive strategy includes Coca-Cola Amatil has reduced the price o f some packed carbonated drinks to capture the market of PepsiCo, the major competitor of Coca-Cola Amatil in the non-alcoholic beverage industry of Australia. Video 2: Paragraph 1 (YouTube and Textbook) Innovation is the key factor for an organisation to become successful in future. However, many organisations busy with daily activities and satisfying customers and forget to innovate future opportunities (Youtube.com 2016). Innovation either increases the customer value of a product service or lowers the cost, which help to create competitive advantages in the industry. Innovation should be unique and which someone has not done before, large success needs huge resources and lastly it should incorporate modern technologies. Only with effective and potential innovation, Apple, Amazon and Cisco are able to hold the present position in the concerned industry. A business model innovation includes four factors such as the targeted customers, offerings to them, the process of creating a value proposition and generations of revenue. Every innovation varies from the other according to the industry criteria and condition. For instance, eBay has changed the trend of trade only with proper inno vation. An organisation should analyse existing business models to create a new idea. Innovation should be creative and has the revolution power to change the industry. There are little processes to innovate the business model such as initiation, ideation, integration and implementation. In initiation, the management should analyse present business model, in ideation, it should be a confirmation with the 55 innovative business model patterns to improve new models. In integration, the management should check the consistency of the propped business model and in the last stage; it should implement the innovation for success. An organisation should analyse the positive and negative aspect of innovation before implementing it in the business model. Paragraph 2 (general article theory) Bharadwaj et al. (2013) have suggested that a proper innovation of business model can help an organisation to achieve its desired goal in a short period. After understanding the demand and preference of Australian Customers, Coca-Cola Amatil begins to produce product according to their choices. Coca-Cola Amatil is successful in the beverage industry of Australia just because its efficiency to determine the appropriate strategies with proper innovation process. For instance, this company critically analyses, reviews the current business model, and then has adopted potential strategies (Casadesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Masanell and Zhu 2013). The implementation of new competitive strategies was not at all easy for the management. However, with adequate survey and market research, it was possible for the organisation to come up with new strategy. Such adopted strategies only an active step to the further development of the current position in market share of Coca-Cola Amatil in Australia. The ap plication of competitive strategies helps Coca-Cola Amatil to retain its present position. Innovation is the best strategy for an organisation for achieving future goals. References: Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O.A., Pavlou, P.A. and Venkatraman, N.V., 2013. Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights.Mis Quarterly,37(2), pp.471-482. Casadesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Masanell, R. and Zhu, F., 2013. Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based business models.Strategic management journal,34(4), pp.464-482. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Wieland, A. and Marcus Wallenburg, C., 2012. Dealing with supply chain risks: Linking risk management practices and strategies to performance.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,42(10), pp.887-905. Youtube.com 2016.Business Model Innovation. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI [Accessed 16 Aug. 2016]. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI Youtube.com 2016.What is Strategy?. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw [Accessed 16 Aug. 2016]. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw

The Guide To Getting It On! Essays - Sexual Acts,

The Guide To Getting It On! The Guide to Getting it On! A New and Mostly Wonderful Book About Sex By Paul Joannides The Guide to Getting it On! is unlike any book on human sexuality that I have ever read. Not to say that I read a lot of human sexuality books, but the ones I have looked over (including the text for this class) are often bland and stagnant. The Guide to Getting it On! has an approach to human sexuality that is fun, witty, and extremely sensitive all in one. This 370 page book contains subjects on sex that are designed to make the reader think outside of the box (no pun intended) about their own sexuality and the sexuality of others. It is a playful look into the modern relationships of today, and an aid to couples wanting to spice up their love life. Topics discussed in this manual vary from getting naked and intercourse to sex toys and being gay in the 90s. Practically any topic you can think of about human sexuality is covered in this book and makes for a heavy read. This book also has a section that reviews additional resources for the reader to investigate further. In the back o f this book is a glossary of sex, slang and cultural-related words and their definitions. This guide is not for the faint of heart or closed-minded. It uses several slang, and dirty words throughout the book to describe concepts of human sexuality. It even has a chapter addressing the use of dirty words and why this book has chosen to do so. While I believe that the use of dirty and slang terms generally degrades from the value of a book, The Guide to Getting it On! accomplishes the task tastefully and in good humor. Most of the titles of the chapters are somewhat provocative in nature, and serve to spark interest. Prudent readers will be taken aback at first glance over the book to find chapters such as Chapter 21: Oscillator, Generator, Vibrator, Dildo and Chapter 11: The Zen of Finger Fucking. But upon further inspection they will find a very informative and thought provoking view of an aspect of sexuality that they may had little or no prior experience with. Although this book does not have any photographs, it does have quite a few explicit drawings. Some of these drawings serve to visually show the reader some of the techniques that are covered in the text. Others are to show whole concepts in themselves. One such drawing is The Goofy Dick Game Real Penises of Real Guys This shows 5 flaccid penises on one page and five erect ones on the next. The object is to match the two up. The whole point of this exercise is to show how the size of the soft penis does not predict the size of the erect counterpart. This was new to me because I havent really had any experience with *censored*s other than my own. It was cool to find out that larger soft penises often dont get as big erections and smaller soft penises usually stretch more during an erection. This book is actually divided into two separate sections. The first ten chapters focus on general knowledge about sex and different aspects of sex. Topics include a brief history of sex, dirty words, the importance of getting naked, on the penis, whats inside a girl?, mens and womens experience of sex, orgasms and sex fluids. The dirty word chapter is about the sexual nature of dirty words. These chapters are very informative, and in a way like our textbook. They dispense lots of facts about the various biological, psychological, and social aspects of each topic. The remainder of the book is a sex manual, or a how-to. It gives lots of techniques, hints and tips on anything that is sexual in nature. Masturbation, oral sex, genital massage, intercourse, anal sex, sex toys are a few of the many more traditional topics covered. Although The Guide to Getting it On! is a very complete and well thought out manual, there are a few weaknesses in the book that some readers will not like. Depending on the readers belief

Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Destruction

Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Destruction Habitat loss refers to the disappearance of natural environments that are home to particular plants and animals. There are three major types of habitat loss: habitat destruction, habitat degradation, and habitat fragmentation. Habitat Destruction Habitat destruction is the process by which natural habitat is damaged or destroyed to such an extent that it no longer is capable of supporting the species and ecological communities that naturally occur there. It often results in the extinction of species and, as a result, the loss of biodiversity. Habitat can be destroyed directly by many human activities, most of which involve the clearing of land for uses such as agriculture, mining, logging, hydroelectric dams, and urbanization. Although much habitat destruction can be attributed to human activity, it is not an exclusively man-made phenomenon. Habitat loss also occurs as a result of natural events such as floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and climate fluctuations. Although habitat destruction primarily causes species extinctions, it can also open up new habitat that might provide an environment in which new species can evolve, thus demonstrating the resiliency of life on Earth. Sadly, humans are destroying natural habitats at a rate and on spatial scales that exceed what most species and communities can cope with. Habitat Degradation Habitat degradation is another consequence of human development. It is caused  indirectly by human activities such as pollution, climate change, and the introduction of invasive species, all of which reduce the quality of the environment, making it difficult for native plants and animals to thrive. Habitat degradation is fueled by a fast-growing human population. As the population increases, humans use more land for agriculture and for the development of cities and towns spread out over ever-widening areas. The effects of habitat degradation not only affect native species and communities but human populations as well. Degraded lands are frequently lost to erosion, desertification, and nutrient depletion. Habitat Fragmentation Human development also leads to habitat fragmentation, as wild areas are carved up and split into smaller pieces. Fragmentation reduces animal ranges and restricts movement, placing animals in these areas at higher risk of extinction. Breaking up habitat can also separate animal populations, reducing genetic diversity. Conservationists often seek to protect habitat in order to save individual animal species. For example, the Biodiversity Hotspot program organized by Conservation International protects fragile habitats around the world. The groups aim is to protect biodiversity hotspots that contain high concentrations of threatened species, such as Madagascar and the Guinean Forests of West Africa. These areas are home to a unique array of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world. Conservation International believes that saving these hotspots is key to protecting the planets biodiversity. Habitat destruction is not the only threat facing wildlife, but it is quite likely the greatest. Today, it is taking place at such a rate that species are beginning to disappear in extraordinary numbers. Scientists warn  that the planet is experiencing a sixth mass extinction that will have serious ecological, economic, and social consequences. If the loss of natural habitat around the globe does not slow, more extinctions are sure to follow.

The Report for the Task Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Report for the Task - Assignment Example Metal direct places prices on the basis of the daily stock price for silver while Rooksons considers a fixed price for silver that is reviewed quarterly. By offering to work on the basis of a fixed price for silver, which is reviewed on a quarterly basis, Rooksons presents a better deal. According to the survey the company carried out of 200 adult travelers while on the system at peak times, the major factors that may influence how safe customers feel when travelling on the service include: Of the three factors; travel time, number of people travelling together (trips) and reliability, only the number of people travelling together (trips) has an association with ratings of safety on the system. The estimated safety/ the rating likely to be given by a customer, who has travelled for 23 minutes, made 36 trips in the last month and gave a score of 6 for reliability is computed to be 5.252. The forecasts on safety ratings from the model are likely to be more reliable if the numbers of trips the respondents make using the system increases every month. â€Æ' The sales figures for the past thirty days reveal that Men’s Outlet Clothing is experiencing contractions in the business. There is no consistency in the increase of the company’s sales in the five weeks. From the model, the sales figures are dependent on time. There is a significant negative relationship between the sales figures of the company and time. The sales figures of Men’s Outlet clothing reduce as days increase. The recent reduction in sales in the last thirty days can be attributed to time. A closer examination of the daily sales shows that the sales will be lower on Tuesday and Wednesday. The pattern is anticipated to remain the same in the coming weeks with the sales still being lower on Tuesday and Wednesday. From the examination of the recent sales, there is no proof that there is any correlation between the low sales and the number of full-time sales staff. Men’s

Human resource problems - Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human resource problems - Google - Essay Example trying to find ways to improve its workforce performance this could be effective through smart hiring, Google has to investigate how to improve managers. Improper hiring may lead to everything that will follow to be less fine. They should seek for a way to recruit the best candidates. Going to the data to find the optimal number of those to interview to Identify top talent and not running them off too arduous of a recruiting process. It can be discovered that the group hiring barred too many personal preferences in the process and an algorithm reviews declined resumes to get outlined applicant and bring them back to the rotation. Also on the other hand Google should investigate the lifestyle of the candidate before recruiting them in the social media such as; Facebook, Twitter, Instagram among others to be sure of their public images and how they participate in them (Youndt, et al. 866). Since recruiting and training cost incur some of the significant costs to the corporate, it has to consider keeping the existing talent to make the system affordable route to success. Google has to do crunching of the numbers to recognize which employees are expected to leave so that they can preclude the unwanted abrasion. Through this, they could be able to improve retention by more than 35%. This will also enable the company to retain the excellent employees who have set good standards in their performance; through this the company may improve its quality of performance and even improve it as time goes by (Collins, et al. 745). Managing the top leadership team; the most effective ways of the best leadership which most of the employees prefer is through one-on-one coaching, personalized response and interest in the employee personally has a positive impact on retention and job approval. Managers are rated two times annually by their staffers to fill the Google data machine and make certain all is well. Also, the managers could treat the employees through giving them some

Personal Values And Ethics Of An Italian Essay Example for Free

Personal Values And Ethics Of An Italian Essay Values are defined as â€Å"the deepest beliefs and we sentiments we subscribe to†. Every person has values that they put into practice in their lives whether they realize this or not in other words we all apply values in our day-to-day lives both consciously and unconsciously. An individuals’ set of personal values guides him or her on how to live his or her life. Once these values have been implemented, they enable the implementer to achieve great things in life that they would otherwise not have been able to accomplish. Once an individual has implemented his or her personal values in his or her life, these values then energizes the individual and enables him or her to tackle issues that were previously seen as impossible in other words personal values allow an individual achieve what they dream of. Once a person has identified the values that are important to them they go further and develop strategies to be used in implementation of these values. Upon implementation, these values are said to be able to work wonders in a person’s life in that the person now has a direction in life that guides them in making decisions that are in line with their overall aim. When one identifies a mission philosophy or belief that is meaningful to them in their lives, then that becomes their value. There many categories of values whereby they are ranked as either commonplace or those that is special and psychological. An individual day-to-day life including relations with others and how they approach their work is determined by their personal values. These values are the ones that determine the success of an individual in whether action they dedicate themselves to. Once they are applied it becomes very easy for the person to excel in the workplace and personal life. They are said to have the ability to multiply the impact of an action and in turn the consequences of the act. Italians are very religious people and the biggest percentages of them are Catholics. They follow the tenets of the Catholic Church very strictly. They are very emphatic on the importance of the family and especially the mothers. They come together as families as often as possible and even conduct their businesses as a family. The men are always seen as the bread winners in the house and the women are to take care of the family in all ways. Being brought up in such a setting has shaped my values in to confirming with a lot of the traditional that I found when I was born and grew up in. In 1884, the Italian Republic made an agreement with the Vatican regarding religious education in schools. There was then a provision made that ensured that there would be religious teachings offered in all schools that are below the university level (http://www. beginningwithi. com). Since Italy is a catholic state, it therefore means that these teachings are mostly catholic in nature. This therefore ensures that all Italians who are born and bred in Italy have an option of getting religious teachings in school. It was however noted that not everyone is a catholic or even a Christian. This then led to need to make these teachings optional to those who wanted to learn. Those whose parents did not want them to learn had an option of refusing to allow their children not to learn. Since my family was and still is a very strict catholic follower, I never had the option to even refuse to attend these lessons. In fact this was seen as an added advantage since I would be able to learn more about Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary alongside the various teachings found in the bible. This would in the long run make me a better Christian and it actually did. Having grown up in a catholic family and also an extended one made my personal values to develop in a way that enables me cope with then. My personal values include success commitment fairness faith family feeling hard work and tolerance. The church I have grown up in has taught me to have faith in what I do and in god and hop that all will end well. This has sustained me all through my life especially at times when I feel emotional and psychologically unstable. At these moments I prefer to go to church and say prayers to calm me down. It has also taught me to be committed and this is what has enabled me to hold one position for 15 years in the same store. In Italian culture, one tends to live with the extended family and this is expected of all people. It is customary for the grandparents to care for their grandchildren which they d thus one has to cope with having a house full of relatives and this makes one tolerant. This has gone a long way in enabling me work with other employees without losing my temper. In under standing their weaknesses I am able to correct them without causing the formation of negative altitude towards me and weakness I am able to correct them without causing the formation of negative altitudes towards the job and me. When correcting their mistakes, I do so just as I would if it were my family member and this makes them feel appreciated and thus workers are motivated. I am currently studying for my B. S in criminal justice. The desire to study this course was prompted by my belief in fairness. I have a very strong conviction that everybody of what his or her previous life has been like. As a Christian I believe that any person can change given the chance. It is also true that there are quite a number of people who are wrongfully accused and convicted and it is necessary to correct such wrongs. By learning the different theories propounded in the course study. I can be able to use them in my workplace and in my day-to-day life to blame where it his not due I avoid unnecessary confrontations with other people. In my 15 years of working at the Vons Grocery store, I have met a number of personalities made a positive impact in my life. Michelle Valverda and Shielha Mosley. These people have taught me how to deal with other employees in order to maximize their output. They have taught me the value of success. It has been clarified in my mind what success really means and not just in monetary terms but also in emotional, psychological and physical well-being. These two people have reminded me the importance of leading a round life without neglecting any part of my life since all are important and are required in measuring the success of an individual. When I joined college to study for the criminal justice course, I met other people who added to my list of personal values. One of them is Ian Barrimond who is a fellow student. He has strengthened my value of tolerance because he is becoming more enjoyable when I do not keep getting angry with people for minor mistakes. Furthermore Ian is really committed to his studies and thus has introduced a new value to my life that is commitments. Apart from attending college he has a very demanding job that does not leave him with much time for himself yet he still manages to find time to dedicate his studies. My teacher is also a major influence to my list of values since he is always insisting on the necessary of hard work. Steven Fraitas insists that only by hard work can one be able to achieve what they want from life. The other major influences in my life are my parents who have always insisted on the family unity. They have never allowed my siblings and I to be on bad terms with each other for long and they have always ensured that any problem that crops up among us is quickly resolved before it goes too far. Also they have used the many family gatherings that we hold to invite all of us including the members of the extended family to make sure that we all remain close. None of us feels like a stranger or outsider because we have never been allowed to have time to drift apart to a point of becoming strangers to each other emotionally. This has made me become even more committed to my own family in the hope that it will be as unified as the family that I grew up in. I work hard so as to provide for my family and make sure that they live as comfortably as I can make them. This is encompassed in the value of family feeling. In Italian culture, one tends to live with their parents long after they have reached the age of maturity (Giannotti E. Rocchi R. 2004). It has been argued by some people that this makes them vulnerable to emotional and mental instability. I beg to differ with this conclusion because instead of destabilizing me this has made me a stronger person in aspects in life. There is an assumption that we should all be married at a certain age but by waiting until the right moment allows one to be able to choose the right partner in life. This is important because in the catholic church one is not allowed to divorce and thus it is necessary to choose someone who one will be able to stay with for the rest of their lives. I am among those people who lived with their parents long after the time that is set as standard for people to move out of their parent’s house. I can testify to the benefits that I reaped from this. Since almost all my brothers and sisters were also living with my parents, we were able to develop our relationship into our adulthood. Not only have we remained close with my brothers and sisters but also with my parents. Since I did not start my family until I was old enough to appreciate what I needed in a spouse, I am then able to treat my spouse the way it has always been in the Italian culture. I was also able to learn a lot from my parents on how to live in peace and harmony in the same house with your spouse.

Life Of Fredrick Douglass :: essays research papers fc

Breaking the Shackles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If there is a theme that has been present in writings since the beginning of time, it is discrimination. Since the creation of man, discrimination has been a problem in society. The theme of discrimination is illustrated through the novel, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass; the essay, “Indian Civilization Vs. White Civilization;'; and the speech, “I Have a Dream.'; The theme of discrimination is clearly present in Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland around 1818. He had no accurate knowledge of his age. Douglass was born to a black mother and a white father, who he believed was his master (Douglass 19). By secretly studying books, Douglass learned to read a crime punishable by death. He escaped slavery when he was barely an adult and wrote the story of his life and how discrimination affected it. Not only is discrimination the theme of Douglass’ novel, it is also the cause of his horrible condition. In his autobiography he claims he “was made to drink the bitterest dregs of slavery'; (73). Throughout the novel Douglass never encounters a slave who is not black. “Why am I a slave,'; Douglass asks (Douglass 73). This is surely a question asked by every victim of prejudice. Another piece that illustrates discrimination is Joseph Brant’s, “Indian Civilization Vs. White Civilization.'; Joseph Brant was born in 1742 and died in 1807 (Barnett et al. 938). Brant, or Thayendanega, was educated at Wheelock’s Indian school in Connecticut. He served the British in the French and Indian war and the American Revolution. Being a Mohawk Chief, Brant was subject to much racially motivated discrimination. Discrimination, though most author would like you to believe otherwise, is never one sided. “ Indian Civilization Vs. White Civilization,'; looks at the reactions of those victimized by racial discrimination. Joseph Brant initially takes a defensive stand, but quickly turns to criticism of white society. In this piece Brant is “obliged to give [his] opinion in favor of [his] own people.'; (Brant 939). He describes the white people’s judicial system a pompous parade'; (Brant 939). In conclusion of this piece Brant never overcomes his bitterness for white people and their actions calling them “tenfold more the children of cruelty'; (Brant 939). In addition to this essay, Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech , “ I Have a Dream'; also contains the theme of discrimination.

Merck & Co. Performance Appraisal System Essay

1) WHY? Brief Background on Merck & Co. Performance Appraisal System The past and existing performance appraisal of Merck & Co. was ineffective to identify and reward performance to a certain extent. Although the company was paying their employees around seven to eight percent more than the average compensation in other large companies, the performance appraisal system did not clearly identified outstanding performance, which caused inequity in rewarding performance and led to unhappiness among the employees, especially the high performers. Compared to the average performers, there was only marginal increase in salary for outstanding performers. Without proper recognition and rewards, the company was at risk of losing its high performers and keeping the worst performers. Core Problems and Its Causal Identification: High Degree of Criterion Deficiency and Criterion Contamination The core problems identified for inequity in performance appraisal was the high degree of Criterion Deficiency and Criterion Contamination in performance appraisal, forced distribution in performance rating and biasness in performance appraisal. There were 3 causal for the core problems. The 3 causal were namely: 1) the company’s absolute performance rating scale, 2) company’s salary determination under the old plan and 3) superiors’ biasness in appraisal. Recommendation Using Core Concepts to Solve the High Degree of Criterion Deficiency and Criterion Contamination The 3 proposed recommendation to address the 3 causal are namely: 1) identifying conceptual criteria through employees’ job analysis to eliminate criterion deficiency and contamination in performance appraisal, 2) employee comparison models (rank-order method) to identify outstanding performers under salary determination and 3) introducing an ongoing assessment to eliminate superior’s biasness. 2) WHAT? Causal 1: Performance Appraisal under the Old Plan (Criterion Deficiency & Criterion Contamination) The Absolute performance rating scale could only rate the individual’s performance independent of the performances of other employees. In my opinion, this individual’s performance rating scale was no longer relevant or sufficient in big company like Merck & Co in the present. From the case, it was noted that an employee was dissatisfied that the company’s performance was average and 83 percent of the employees  were actually exceeding job expectations. This had proven that the performance appraisal system was inaccurate in measuring the employee’s performance. For example, it might be due to the fact that the effectiveness of the company depends on an individual’s performance, that was interdependent on his subordinates, superior and even colleagues in a team context. Thus, an absolute performance rating scale would be ineffective in identifying and rewarding true performance as it had caused a criterion deficiency of excluding the team performance as one of the important criteria for performance appraisal. Causal 2: Salary Determination under the Old Plan (Forced Distribution for Performance Rating) In Merck & Co., the salaries of the employees were determined by a salary line formula comprises of the Hay points system. The employees would then get their actual salary based on their percentage for compa-ratio on the control point. On the surface, this system seems to be structured in rewarding based on merit, but in fact, it was not effective in rewarding outstanding performers. Firstly, an employee’s compa-ratio would always be capped at the maximum of 125 percent. In other words, an employee can only earn a maximum of 25 percent more of the normal 100 percent salary even he had performed exceptionally well in his job. Secondly, consisten t good performers were unable to maintain compa-ratio of 120 percent and above due to the annual revision on the control points. When the control points increased, the compa-ratio of an employee would dropped for most of the time, regarding his performance. Thirdly, an outstanding employee with high compa-ratio would get lower pay increase compared to an employee with average compa-ratio, given the same performance ratings. This salary determination system discouraged outstanding employees to continue to perform as the reward they get out of this system was capped and limited, and similar to what average employees would get for their effort. From the case, one of the employee had actually voiced out that it was demoralizing and demotivating as no matter how hard he work, he will still get the same rating as everyone else and the same 5 percent increase in salary. In addition, as reflected from the case, the vast majority of the employees received 3 or 4 while very few received 1,2 and 5. There was a forced distribution for performance rating. This system had caused criterion deficiency as the determination of the employees’ salary was not clearly assessed on their performance and thus,  making the outstanding performers to feel inequity. Causal 3: No fairness in the Performance Measures (Biasness) There was a significant amount of complaints from the employees on the performance appraisal system as there were no fairness in the performance measures. This was caused by the biasness of the appraiser. The contributory factors of biasness could be vanity, narcissism, laziness and frivolity (Michael, 2007). For vanity, the appraiser would want to give high ratings to his subordinate so as to make his people and department to look good and get good bonuses and other rewards. In the case, an employee who was an appraiser commented that he was unable to rate his people objectively as other directors were giving all their people a rating of 4, and it makes him hard to give his people a rating of less than 4. For narcissism, the appraiser would measure performance using his own point of view. An employee reflected that managers were afraid of giving experienced people a rating of less than 4 but willing to give new people a rating of 3. The managers’ point of view was that experienced employees would get a rating of 4 and above while new employees would get a rating of 3. In the case of laziness, the appraiser measures assumed performance without any thoughts and efforts. This cou ld be related to the case whereby the experienced employees would be rated higher than the newcomers as it was assumed by the appraiser that the experienced employees were better than the newcomers in term of performance. Lastly, for frivolity, the appraiser was not serious in the appraisal and would look for ways to blame others rather than shouldering the responsibility for improving performance. From the case, an employee who performed well was not given a rating of 5 by his supervisor, as his supervisor did not get a 5 for his performance appraisal. It might be due to the supervisor’s self-interest that made him reluctant to give a rating of 5 to his subordinate. These errors of appraisal had caused the performance measures to lose its values and resulted in criterion deficiency and contamination as the appraisers were not doing their appraisal properly. 3) How? Recommendation 1 to address Causal 1: Identify Conceptual Criteria through Employees’ Job Analysis Firstly, the company should use job analysis as the procedure to find the criteria and job performance scope for its employees in order to eliminate criterion deficiency and contamination and increase  criterion relevance. Job analysis would help to identify conceptual criteria such as observable job behaviors and characteristics of the job environment. Based on a relevant set of performance criteria, the management would then be able to measure and reward their employees’ performance effectively and would in turns, accurately reflects the effectiveness of the organization and eliminate cases whereby most of the employees exceeded job expectations when the company was only doing average in performance. Recommendation 2 to address Causal 2: Employee Comparison models (Rank-order method) as the Appraisal Method for Salary Determination Secondly, in order to improve on the way that the company determine the employees’ salary, the management can implement rank-order method as the performance rating for salary determination. In the company’s existing performance appraisal program, the management used forced distribution whereby the vast majority of the employees were given an average ratings and very few employees were given in the high and low ratings. This was reflected in the salary determination for the employees where there were no significant difference in the salary among the employees. It was ineffective to some extent in rewarding the outstanding performers as only a small proportion or percentage of the employees would get high ratings for their performance. Thus, it was recommended for the management to use the rank-order method so as to force the appraiser to p erform detailed analysis on the employees and rank them in order of their performance. Unlike forced distribution, the rank-order method can be motivating for the employees to perform as it objectively identify the worst and outstanding performers without the restriction of the quotas to meet in these two categories. When the salary determination system was paired up with Rank-order Appraisal method, according to the order of employees’ ranking, it can create a distinct gaps in terms of Hay points and Compa-Ratio between poor to average and high performers. Also, the employees in top rankings would get higher ratings in performance appraisal. Based on the salary line formula, rank-order performance rating method would significantly increase the salary gap between average and high performers contributed by the increase in the Hay Points, Compa-Ratio and performance ratings earned by the high performers. Recommendation 3 to address Causal 3: An Ongoing Assessment & Self-Assessment (360 Degrees Feedback) Thirdly, in addition of the  yearly formal performance appraisal, the company can introduce a weekly or monthly ongoing performance assessment and self-assessment to measure its employees’ performance effectively. The ongoing assessment must be objective, job-related and provide appeal process for employees who are not satisfied with the performance rating. With an ongoing assessments put in place, the management would minimize biasness by using and compare a variety of performance evaluations such as 360 degrees feedback that involve multiple appraisers and would also prevent the appraiser to appraise based on their own biasness without any substantial proof on the employees’ performance. The ongoing assessment would promote fairness in performance appraisal. Reference: Case Study 1) Merck & Co., Inc. (A) 2) The 7 Deadly Sins of Performance Measurement and How to Avoid Them

GED Study Guide for Chemistry

The GED, or General Education Development Test, is taken in the U.S. or Canada to demonstrate proficiency in high school-level academic skills. The exam most commonly is taken by people who did not complete high school or receive a high school diploma. Passing the GED grants a General Equivalency Diploma (also called a GED). One section of the GED covers science, including chemistry. The test is multiple choice, drawing on concepts from the following areas: The Structure of MatterThe Chemistry of LifeProperties of MatterChemical Reactions The Structure of Matter All substances consist of  matter.  Matter  is anything which has mass and takes up space. Some important concepts to remember about  matter  are: Matter  is made up of one or more of over 92 naturally-occurring  elements.Each  element  is a pure substance, made up of only one type of  atom.An  atom  consists of three types of particles:  protons,  neutrons, and  electrons. An atom does not need to have all three particles, but will always contain at least protons.Electrons  are  negatively charged  particles,  protons  have a positive charge, and  neutrons  do not have an electrical charge.An atom has an inner core called a  nucleus, which is where the protons and neutrons are located. The electrons orbit around the outside of the nucleus.Two main forces hold atoms together. The  electric force  holds the electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Opposite charges attract, so the electrons are drawn to the protons in the nucleus. The  nuclear force  holds the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus. The Periodic Table The  periodic table  is a chart which organizes the chemical elements. The elements are categorized according to the following attributes: Atomic Number  - number of protons in the nucleusAtomic Mass  - sum of the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleusGroup  - columns or multiple columns in the periodic table. Elements in a group share similar chemical and physical properties.Period  - rows from left to right in the period table. Elements in a period have the same number of energy shells. Matter can exist in the form of a pure element, but combinations of elements are more common. Molecule  - a molecule is a combination of two or more atoms (could be  from  the same or different elements, such as H2  or H2O)Compound  - a compound is a combination of two or more  chemically-bonded  elements. Generally, compounds are considered to be a subclass of molecules (some people will argue they are determined by the types of chemical bonds). A  chemical formula  is a shorthand way of showing the elements contained in a molecule/compound and their ratio. For example, H2O, the chemical formula for water, shows that two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form a molecule of water. Chemical bonds hold atoms together. Ionic Bond  - formed when  an electron transfers  from one atom to anotherCovalent Bond  - formed when two atoms share one or more electrons The Chemistry of Life Life on earth depends on the chemical element  carbon, which is present in every living thing. Carbon is so important, it forms the basis for two branches of chemistry, organic  chemistry  and biochemistry. The GED will expect you to be familiar with the following terms: Hydrocarbons  - molecules that only contain the elements carbon and hydrogen (e.g., CH4  is a hydrocarbon while CO2  is not)Organic  - refers to the chemistry of living things, all of which contain the element carbonOrganic Chemistry  - study of the chemistry of carbon compounds involved in life (so, studying diamond, which is a crystalline form of carbon, isnt included in organic chemistry, but studying how methane is produced is covered by organic chemistry)Organic Molecules  - molecules that have carbon atoms linked together in a straight line (carbon chain) or in a circular ring (carbon ring)Polymer  - hydrocarbons which have chained together Properties of Matter Phases of Matter Each phase of matter has its own chemical and physical properties. The phases of matter you need to know are: Solid  - a solid has a definite shape and volumeLiquid  - a liquid has a definite  volume  but can change shapeGas  - the shape and volume of a gas can change Phase Changes These phases of matter can change from one to another. Remember the definitions of the following phase changes: Melting  - melting occurs when a substance changes from a solid to a liquidBoiling  - boiling is when a substance changes from a liquid to a gasCondensing  - condensation is when  a gas changes  to a liquidFreezing  - freezing is when  a liquid changes  to a solid Physical Chemical Changes The changes that take place in substances may be categorized  in  two classes: Physical Change  - does not produce a new substance (e.g., phase changes, crushing a can)Chemical Change  - produces a new substance (e.g., burning, rusting, photosynthesis) Solutions A solution results from combining two or more substances. Making a solution can produce either a physical or chemical change. You can tell them apart this way: The original substances can be separated from one another if the solution produces only a physical change.The original substances cannot be separated from one another if a chemical change took place. Chemical Reactions A  chemical reaction  is  the process  that occurs when two or more substances combine to produce a chemical change. The important terms to remember are: chemical equation  -  name  was given  to the shorthand used to describe the steps of a chemical reactionreactants  - the starting materials for a chemical reaction; the substances that combine in the reactionproducts  - the substances that are formed as a result of a chemical reactionchemical reaction rate  - the speed at which a chemical reaction occursactivation energy  - the external energy that has to be added in order for a chemical reaction to  occurcatalyst  - a substance that helps a chemical reaction to occur (lowers the activation energy), but does not participate in the reaction itselfLaw of Conservation of Mass  - this Law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The number of reactant atoms of a chemical reaction will be the same as the number of product atoms.